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Table 1 Toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) and profenofos compared with nanoprofenofos (AgNPS@P) against second-instar larvae of laboratory and field cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis

From: Impact of nanosilver-profenofos on cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae

Strain

Silver (AgNPS)

Profenofos

Nanoprofenofos (AgNPS@P)

Conc. ppm

M (%)

LC50 in ppm

RRa

Conc.

M (%)

LC50 in ppm

RRa

RRrb

Conc.

M (%)

LC50 in ppm

RRa

RRrb

ppm

ppm

Laboratory

  

1000.9

----

0.71

20

4.49

----

44.9

0.011

10

0.1

----

1

  

1.41

28

0.023

24

124.88

6

2.82

46

0.045

30

249.75

16

5.63

52

0.09

44

499.5

30

11.3

66

0.18

60

999

50

22.5

76

0.36

74

  

45

86

1.44

90

Field

  

4109.6

4.11

22.5

14

79.52

17.7

84.6

0.18

10

0.94

9.4

1

187.31

6

45

36

0.36

20

374.63

10

90

56

0.72

40

749.25

20

180

70

1.44

60

1498.5

30

270

84

2.88

86

  1. aRR (Resistance Ratio) = LC50 of the field strain/LC50 of the laboratory strain
  2. bRRr (Relative Resistance ratio) = LC50 of the strain/lowest LC50 values of the same strain
  3. M mortality