Table 1 Characterization of polyphenols as verified by different chromatography techniques
From: Isolation and characterization of polyphenols in natural honey for the treatment of human diseases
Polyphenols | Honey samples | Eluents | Chromatography techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids | |||
Apigenin | Chesnutt | Methanol | HPLC (Can et al. 2015) |
Catechin | Heather | Methanol | HPLC (Can et al. 2015) |
Catechol | Stingless bee | Methanol, ethyl acetate | HPLC (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Chrysin | Lime | Methanol | GC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Dihydrochrysin | Lime | Methanol | GC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Galangin | Lime | Methanol | GC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Hesperetin | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC, LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Isorhamnetin | Acacia | Methanol | HPLC (Can et al. 2015) |
Kaempferide | Gelam | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Kaempferol | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Luteolin | Stingless bee | Methanol, ethyl acetate | HPLC (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Myricetin | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Naringenin | Stingless bee | Methanol, ethyl acetate | HPLC (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Pinobanksin | Buckwheat | Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol | LC-MS (Alvarez 2011) |
Pinocembrin | Buckwheat | Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol | LC-MS (Alvarez 2011) |
Pinostrobin | Buckwheat | Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol | LC-MS (Alvarez 2011) HPLC, LC-MS (Alvarez 2011), |
Quercetin | Gelam | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | Gelam | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Rhamnosyl naringenin | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Rutin | Lavender | Methanol | GC-MS (Can et al. 2015) |
Taxifolin | Rape | Methanol | GC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Tectochtysin | Rape | Methanol | GC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Phenolic acids | |||
Abscisic acid | Rape | Methanol | HPLC (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Benzoic acid | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Caffeic acid | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Chlorogenic acid | Stingless bee | Methanol, ethyl acetate | GC-MS (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Cinnamic acid | Lime | Methanol | HPLC, LC-MS (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Dihydroxycinnamic acid | Gelam | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Ellagic acid | Gelam | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Ellagic-glucoside | Gelam | Methanol | GC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Ellagitannins | Rape | Methanol | HPLC (Lachman et al. 2010) |
Ferulic acid | Rape | Methanol, ethyl acetate | HPLC, LC-MS (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Gallic acid | Stingless bee | Methanol | HPLC (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
p-Coumaric acid | Gelam | Methanol | HPLC (Can et al. 2015) |
Protocatechuic acid | Chesnutt | Methanol, ethyl acetate | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |
Salicylic acid | Stingless bee | Methanol | HPLC (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Syringic acid | Stingless bee | Methanol | HPLC (da Silva et al. 2013) |
Vanillic acid | Stingless bee | Methanol | LC-MS (Kassim et al. 2010b) |