Table 2 Cardiovascular effects of cigarette smoking
Effect | Mechanisms | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
Atherosclerosis | Endothelial dysfunction, lipid oxidation, inflammation | Dose-dependent ↑ MI risk |
Hypercoagulability | Platelet activation, ↓ antithrombotics | ↑ Risk of ischemic stroke, DVT |
Hypertension | Sympathetic activation, vascular stiffness | ↑ Systolic and diastolic BP |