Table 5 The effect of probiotics on probing bleeding, as a parameter to evaluate the periodontal status of the teeth

Element + 

Probing bleeding is significantly reduced (Vives-Soler and Chimenos-Küstner 2020)

More reduced tendency in cases of peri-implantitis (Vives-Soler and Chimenos-Küstner 2020)

The probiotic reduces the adhesion of P. gingivalis to the tooth walls, thus reducing bleeding on probing (Invernici et al. 2020)

B.lactis is one of the potential probiotics as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (Invernici et al. 2020)

The periodontal clinical parameter where the clinical improvements are significantly different after the application of probiotics is bleeding on probing (Patyna et al. 2021)

Probiotics are a supportive approach against inflammation and infection control of periodontal tissues (Patyna et al. 2021)

The reduction of probing bleeding is significantly associated with the reduction of the bacterial plaque index after the application of probiotics as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (Bazyar et al. 2020)

Probiotics bring advantages in improving the periodontal, inflammatory and antioxidant status of patients with chronic periodontitis (Bazyar et al. 2020)

Seven days after the topical application of probiotics, the bleeding in the probe was significantly reduced, results that are supported even after 1 month after application (Minić et al. 2022)

Application of probiotics should be carried out topically as part of periodontal treatment (Minić et al. 2022)

L.reuteri redukton gjakosjen në sondim duke kontrolluar inflamaciinin gingival (Theodoro et al. 2019)

Probing bleeding is significantly reduced 90 days after the application of probiotics (Theodoro et al. 2019)

Element + / − 

The reduction of periodontal inflammation as an effect of the probiotics used is expressed by the reduction of bleeding on probing (Ikram et al. 2019)

L. reuteri has the same effect as the use of the indicated prescription of antibiotics for chronic periodontitis (Ikram et al. 2019)

For the reduction of bleeding on probing, L.brevis and L.plantarum bring advantages for patients with chronic periodontitis (Pudgar et al. 2021)

The number of residual areas affected by chronic periodontitis after the application of probiotics is higher than in cases of traditional non-surgical periodontal treatment (Pudgar et al. 2021)

Effective application of L. reuteri even in cases of peri-implantitis with a lasting effect even 90 days after application (Galofré et al. 2018)

The microbiological effect of probiotics in peri-implant cases is more limited (Galofré et al. 2018)

There are significant differences in probing bleeding at different intervals but not between the group where the probiotic is applied and the control group (Ghasemi et al. 2020)

Probiotics have a positive effect on periodontal indices in patients with generalized periodontitis stage III, grade A (Ghasemi et al. 2020)

Probing bleeding is significantly reduced after the application of oral gel with probiotics (Butera et al. 2022)

After application, gingival recession increases significantly, but without increasing the mobility of the affected tooth (Butera et al. 2022)

Element -

There are significant differences in probing bleeding after the application of probiotics, but these differences are not significant in the long-term effects or changes at later times after the application, regardless of the moment when the reassessment is done (Pelekos et al. 2019)

The use of probiotics did not show increased clinical effectiveness beyond the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (Pelekos et al. 2019)

Results

Seven articles with positive conclusions

Five articles with positive/negative conclusions

One article with negative conclusions