Table 3 GCMS profile of acetone extracts of oil-seed cakes of neem, madhuca, and simarouba with bioactivity
Phytochemicals | Oil-cakes and methods of extraction | Abundancy (%) | Bioactivity |
|---|---|---|---|
Glycerine | Madhuca (hot) | 78.15 | Antibacterial (Nalawade et al. 2015) Moisturizer to treat dry rough, itchy skin. Disease resistant in plant (Zhang et al. 2015) |
Neem (hot) | 41.36 | ||
Simarouba (hot) | 29.67 | ||
Madhuca (cold) | 20.15 | ||
Diacetone | Simarouba (hot) | 60.12 | Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and anticancer (antiproliferative) (Güvensen et al. 2019) |
Simarouba (cold) | 17.75 | ||
Madhuca (hot) | 6.78 | ||
Neem (hot) | 6.16 | ||
Madhuca (cold) | 4.02 | ||
α-D-Glucopyranoside, metyl | Neem (cold) | 21.65 | Antibacterial (Kawsar et al. 2015) Anticancer (Lyantagaye 2013) |
cis-13-Eicosenoic acid | Simarouba (cold) | 21.01 | Antifungal (Ahsan et al. 2017) |
Madhuca (cold) | 3.72 | ||
Neem (cold) | 0.47 | ||
α-Monoacetin | Neem (hot) | 5.48 | Antifungal agent (http://chemicalland21.com/ industrialchem/plasticizer/MONOACETIN.htm) |
Simarouba (hot) | 2.48 | ||
Madhuca (hot) | 1.5 | ||
Simarouba (cold) | 1.03 | ||
Methyl gallate | Neem (hot) | 0.39 | Antioxidant (Lubis et al. 2018), anti-HIV (Wang et al. 2014), antimicrobial (Ahmed et al. 2017), Anti-obesity (Roh and Jung 2012) |
Vinyl sulfide | Neem (hot) | 1.09 | Antioxidant (Ianiski et al. 2018) |
5-Hydroxymethyl furfural | Neem (hot) | 2.68 | Antioxidant and antiproliferative (Zhao et al. 2013) Treatment of sickle cell disease (https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/o1441.htm) |
6-Hydroxy-4-methyl-3-phenylcoumarin | Neem (hot) | 0.24 | Antioxidant (Matos et al. 2015) |
Angelic acid | Neem (hot) | 1.4 | Antioxidant (Ku 2018) Strong pain-relieving and spasmolytic (Weiss 2001) sedative and tonic against nervous problem, fever, colic, heartburn, loss of appetite, gout, headache and other health disturbances (Small 2006) |
Vanillic acid | Neem (hot) | 0.63 | Antioxidant and antimicrobial (Kumar et al 2011; Yemis et al. 2011) |
Binapacryl | Neem (cold) | 0.26 | Fungicide and miticide (Ward 1964) |
Indole | Neem (cold) | 1.94 | Antidepressant, antioxidant, antimicrobial (Hamid et al. 2017) |
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | Simarouba (cold) | 0.48 | |
Neem (cold) | 0.45 | Antifungal activity (Dharni et al. 2014), antibacterial activity (Dehpour et al. 2012; Aissaoui et al 2019), antioxidant and anticancer (Choi et al. 2013), herbicidal (Halim et al. 2017) | |
Madhuca (cold) | 0.13 | ||
Thymol | Madhuca (cold) | 0.21 | Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiseptic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidaemia (Marchese et al. 2016) |
7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate | Madhuca (cold) | 0.52 | Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective (Hameed et al. 2015) |
Chloramben, methyl ester | Madhuca (cold) | 0.12 | Herbicide (Wehtje et al. 1992) |
Nonanal | Simarouba (cold) | 0.99 | Antibacterial (Bisignano et al. 2001), Antifungal (Zhang et al. 2017) Antidiarrheal (Miguel et al. 2008) |
Xylitol | Simarouba (cold) | 0.03 | Antioxidant (Kang et al. 2007), Antibacterial (Tapiainen et al. 2001), Sweetener in oral hygiene preparations (Nayak et al. 2014) |
Trans-2-Decenal | Simarouba (cold) | 1.36 | Antimicrobial and insecticidal Nematicidal (Caboni et al. 2012) |
Mevalolactone | Simarouba (hot) | 1.38 | Antibacterial (Scopel et al. 2014) Phytotoxic (Varejão and Demuner 2013) |
Pentadecanoic acid | Neem (cold) | 1.18 | Antioxidant (Al-Douri and Shakya 2019) |
Benzothiazole, 2-(2-hydroxyethylthio) | Neem (cold) | 4.91 | Anthelmintic activity (Lucie et al. 2013) |
Heptadecanoic acid | Neem (cold) | 1.07 | Antioxidant (Ponnamma and Manjunath 2012) |
Cyclic octaatomic sulfur | Neem (cold) | 0.26 | Antioxidant, antimicrobial (Ojinnaka et al. 2015);treatment of dandruff, acne, hay fever, common cold, scaly and red skin patches (http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09353) |
Oleic Acid | Simarouba (cold) | 2.69 | Protects against cardiovascular insulin resistance (Perdomo et al. 2015), maintain a balance of body weight, reduce serum blood cholesterol and pressure (Singh and Singh 1991) |
Madhuca (hot) | 1.22 | ||
Madhuca (cold) | 0.75 | ||
Stearic acid | Madhuca (cold) | 3.15 | Antimicrobial activity, antidepressant activity (Jubie et al. 2012) pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, ointments (Larranaga 2016) |
Simarouba (cold) | 0.89 | ||
Madhuca (hot) | 0.89 | ||
Linoleic acid | Madhuca (cold) | 3.02 | Antibacterial (Zheng et al. 2005) Antifungal and antioxidant (Pinto et al. 2017) |
2-Phenyl-4-anilino-6[1H]-pyrimidinone | Madhuca (cold) | 3.54 | Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial (Awadallah et al. 2013) |
Canthin-6-one | Simarouba (cold) | 2.02 | Antimicrobial (Gazoni et al. 2018) Bacteriostatic (Jiang and Zhou 2008), Anti- HIV, anticancer (Ammirante et al. 2006) |
Methyl 13-methyltetradecanoate | Neem (cold) | 0.25 | Anticancerous (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) |
Palmitic acid, methyl ester | Madhuca (cold) | 5.77 | Vasodilator and neuroprotection in cardiac arrest (Lee et al. 2018) |
Linoleic acid, methyl ester | Madhuca (cold) | 7.28 | Antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial (Pinto et al. 2017) |
Elaidic acid, methyl ester | Madhuca (cold) | 5.68 | Synthesis of Cephalosporin antibiotics (Kirk-Orthmer 1991) |
Dibutyl phthalate | Neem (cold) | 4.07 | Antibacterial (Khatiwora et al. 2012) phytotoxic (Millar and Hannay 1986) |
Simarouba (cold) | 4.74 | ||
Diisooctyl phthalate | Neem (cold) | 9.41 | Antimicrobial (Zellagui et al. 2012) |
Madhuca (cold) | 3.96 | ||
Madhuca (hot) | 1.19 | ||
Simarouba (cold) | 4.13 |